3. Social workers strive to increase their clients' capability to change, address their own needs and become self-reliant. This principle of individualisation stipulates that the social caseworker will relate and help every client as an individual who is unique and whose problems and needs are special to him. Ethical values and principles involved Dignity and Worth of the Person – As the NASW Code of Ethics states, social workers seek to resolve conflicts between clients’ interests and the broader society’s interests in a socially responsible manner consistent with the values, ethical principles, and ethical standards of the profession. The COS movement gave birth to Family Welfare Association in 1905. Once the worker imbibes the value of worth and dignity of an individual, he will refrain from encroaching upon the client’s privacy, and maintain the confidence reposed in him. Diagnostic categorisation is avoided. This becomes more evident when we find that one invariably forgets what has happened to him even during one day. Gordon Hamilton, Florence Hollis and Lucille Austin are the advocates of this model. There are more than five core social work values that encompass everything from integrity to individual dignity to compassionate service to social justice to human relationships. The poor, from the very beginning of the civilised society, have been the concern of humanists, philanthropists and socio- religious activists. Though many may not agree, I personally think that the latest thinking in casework is more or less fully contained in the definition by Boehm (1958) which emphasises both external and internal factors, and uses the concepts of social functioning, social role, malfunctioning, and, of resources. Generally social work is a complicated social phenomenon and independent sphere of theoretical and practical knowledge, profession and discipline. They promote clients' socially responsible self-determination based on their individual values. Services are provided to the individual in recognition of his contributions to the society. VALUES AND ETHICS - Apply social work ethical principles and value to guide professional practices Social workers have an obligation to conduct themselves and make decisions in accordance with our Code of Ethics. It is only because of this that the government takes care of those who are not cared for by anyone, e.g., orphans, destitute, handicapped, etc. The unique pattern that emerges from this interaction is his personality which comprises of his capacities and abilities, attitudes, beliefs and values, feelings, and thinking and his approach, or strategies to deal with various situations of life. Every individual, child or adult, in order to grow and develop, has various needs (psychological, physical and social) to fulfill. The responsibilities of case worker, client and significant others should be clarified throughout development of the plan. The Association for Improving the Conditions of the Poor (AICP) founded in 1843 in USA, emphasised self-respect, self-dependence and relief suitable to their needs in its work with the poor. This principle appears to have been derived from Gestalt therapy. Many new trends are coming forth and possibly no definition will ever be able to cover all the changes and trends emerging from time to time. The experts in social life, i.e., trained social workers, help individuals, groups, communities through various methods of social work known as social casework, social group work, and community organisation. Service to others is one of the main values in social work, from which all of the other values stem. This principle is based on the value that the society has responsibility to provide necessary facilities for self- actualisation of its members. Otto Rank’s psychological concept of ‘will’ is used. Can social casework, in such socio-economic conditions of India, be useful to render services to the people? Dignity and respect Learning and reflection – (thinking about what you do and why you do things in a certain way) Working together Commitment to quality care and support Here are examples of how these values and behaviours might look in your everyday work. It is because of these and many other such reasons that we (the educated) copied British ways of life, their language and various aspects of their culture. Corruption is rampant in our country: the poor have to bribe various people including bank and state government officials (Jammu, 1986) for securing loan under various government programmes and schemes. These are the values that should guide the decision making and actions of Social Workers, particularly should an ethical issue arise. Rethabile Monyakane. One can reformulate these phases as engagement, exploration (study), assessment (diagnosis), planning (inclusive of goal-setting), intervention, evaluation and follow up, and disengagement. It is because of this assumption only that we have to identify the special ways of the client behaving in social situations and the special help he needs. At the same time, he has certain characteristics which are unique to him only. The principles of social casework are applied in. Bisno (1952) has also opined that casework and social action are complementary to each other, and that casework should continue to serve the needy population. We continue to change our syllabi of social work as per the changes occurring in USA and western world. No effective relationship is possible without accepting the client. Social caseworker, thus, helps the client to understand his self, his situation and his ways of deciding and acting to enable him to modify (or enrich) his style of thinking, feeling and acting and to solve his immediate and future problems. carrying the device 'Social Work Values - will travel anywhere' (Timms, 1983, p.2). The different models currently in practice are discussed as under: This incorporates psycho-analytical concepts and principles and uses ego psychology with concepts from other behavioural sciences and understands behaviour in terms of cause and effect. We all know that man continues to grow and tries to shape himself as he wishes. These two components set the way the professional helper will move to help the needy individual to meet his needs or solve his problems to live a full life. Principle of Right to self determination: – This principle is based on the value that every individual has the right to determine the destiny of his life. In the rural areas, the top 4 percent own 30 percent of the total assets while bottom 20 percent had hardly 1 percent of the assets (Laharia, 1986). So, he does not remain a mere organism but becomes a person through the process of socialisation. Caseworkers pick up points where problems have arisen because of lack of information, knowledge and misperception of the situation. Perlman (1957) also emphasised on the problems of social functioning. Taber & Taber (1985) use Sipron’s formulations which are termed as: Engagement is equivalent to intake, exploration to study, planning involves assessment and planning for action, intervention is equivalent to treatment and evaluation is done after intervention, followed by termination (disengagement) when the purpose of the client has been served. or community members who feel concerned and are interested to help the person to live a socially useful life. During 1986 and 1987 starvation deaths were reported in Kalahandi district of Orissa. • Trevithick P (2012) Social work Skills and Knowledge (3rd Edition) Buckingham: OU Press • Warren J (2007) Service User and Carer Participation in Social work. History of social work influences current professional practice In this essay I will outline the historical origins of social work in Ireland. According to him, social casework intervenes in the psycho-social aspects of a person’s life to improve, restore, maintain or enhance his social functioning by improving his role performance. The caseworker may mainly aim at restoring, maintaining or improving the person’s functioning (performance in different roles ascribed to or achieved by him) using his knowledge of human behaviour, skills in communication and relationships and the available resources. These values determine the principles to which each social worker should aspire. Relationship (positive) is the basis of all help. In collecting information’s on these aspects, he talks to the client, his family, friends, relatives or employer and consults records wherever important to understand the problem-situation. The importance of Social Work includes numerous of explanations. TOS 7. If need be, talking (interview) sessions are also conducted with persons (like parents, teachers, spouse, etc.) The causative factors of the problem may be either in the psyche or in the social circumstances or in their interaction (Gestalt). The caseworker intervenes (helps) in any or all of these aspects to enable the person to function adequately and properly in his various social roles. These values are transformed into accepted practice principles for the purpose of informing our intervention with clients. The help is offered through a particular process as mentioned before. Social caseworkers will have to emphasise ‘indirect’ casework services (Richmond, 1917) and create a congenial atmosphere for those seeking self- actualisation. With the advancement in the field, social casework has been described as a psychological process also dealing with psycho-social problems as well. Social work believes in social justice 10. You will learn from case examples how to apply crucial ethical, personal, and methodological principles to different practice areas. No rapport, no help. Emphasis should be given on the discussion of day-to-day behaviour of the client in relation to his problem and in doing so, correct his misperceptions which may be unrealistic because of emotions, past incidents, unrealistic future expectations or unsuitable lifestyle etc. These operations aim at developing the client’s effectiveness in coping with his problem and/or so influence the problem as to resolve or vitiate its effect. In such cases help is offered at the instance of his relatives, public agencies (police, hospitals, etc.) Consequently, in place of social casework, social group work and community organisation, an integrated approach (to be discussed separately) has been adopted by many of the schools of social work there. are the unique requirements of each individual. Therefore, all the personal resources and resources available within the community, agency and with the relatives of the client should be utilised to help the client. Neither the individual nor the society can be conceived of without each other. All his functions are directed to fulfill some role. The caseworkers should understand that this right is limited and is a relative and not an absolute one. No relationship, no communication. Boehm (1959) comments on the current state of classification of problems in social casework. The individual and society in which one lives are interdependent. They must maintain a continual awareness of their organization's mission, their profession's values and their individual ethical standards. In this task, he has to interact with different types of people and face different environmental conditions. Privacy Policy 8. When we look at the Indian scenario, we find it beset with poverty, diseases and ignorance. The fact is that no unit of our functioning in the society, say any act is either purely psychological or social. Acceptance involves observance of common courtesies and respect for his ideas and treating him as equal to self; for example, leaving chair, wishing him, moving forward to receive, or see him off, respecting appointments, etc., are indicators of acceptance. Hence, naturally, one can study and understand a person within certain limits only and thus the help to be given to him will be limited by the understanding of the man in question and the availability of various resources. In the Social Work Profession Act (Cap 468), social work is defined as a practice-based profession and an academic discipline that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of people. Psyche always works in social context, therefore, his behaviour (social functioning) has both psychological as well as social components. Every individual is the primary concern of society, has potential for and the right to growth and it is the responsibility of the society to provide equal opportunities to everyone to actualise his self. According to this principle, relationship is the medium to help anyone. Individual problems may arise either because of his unsuitable approach to social situations he encounters in his life or because of situations demanding something different or more than he possesses. Friendly visitors at a later stage received training in investigation, diagnosis and treatment for which the New York School of Philanthropy was established towards the end of 19th century (Bruno, 1957) and it was during this time that term ‘casework’ appeared in a paper read at a national conference. Talking equips the needy person to gain confidence, knowledge and information necessary to deal with the situation. In all such situations, the client must be made aware of these limitations. Principle of purposeful 7. The social work profession is guided by a distinct set of abstract values and a Code of Ethics. This is because economic, social and political power is concentrated in a few hands, the benefits of developmental works are enjoyed by a few, and the benefits of developmental programmes have percolated to the poor to a very limited extent. Every man has inherent worth and dignity. Hence, all the relevant behaviours (except reflex actions) expressed during the casework interviews, or other ones known to have been indulged in by the client in other situations, should be analysed and assessed (diagnosed) to plan a realistic approach to help the client to replace his inappropriate behaviour with an appropriate one and two critically examine the purpose behind his problem behaviour or behaviour pattern. Once the client loses confidence in him, he will not believe the worker and the whole process of communication will break down, and impossible will be the task to assist the helped in his problems or in fulfillment of his needs. Knowing these may clear the deck for further work or give important clues to deal effectively with the client’s problems. These individually or together threaten or have already attacked the person’s living arrangement or the effectiveness of his efforts to deal with it. The experiences (misperceptions, feelings and reactions) are corrected in and through the discussions. The top 30 percent own 80 percent of the national assets against only 2 percent owned by the bottom 30 percent in 1986, while their share was 2.5 percent in 1960-61. Once the therapist starts taking care of these points in day-to-day life of the client, he slowly starts perceiving and changing his ways of behaving. This is very much true of Indian culture too which becomes clear from our various scriptures where the most common techniques used to help the individual clients have been: (6) Learning and practising behaviour in the company of saintly persons, and. Though difficult to classify problems, some attempts have been made to re-group the problems social caseworkers deal with. 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