If your writing is for a particularly important occasion, such as a job resume, hire a proofreader or consult a friend with an excellent knowledge of punctuation to help you. Use a comma to separate two or more adjectives which refer to a particular noun Her curries tend to be chewy, thick, cold and tasteless. We use a comma every third digit from the right. … For example, we use a pair of commas to enclose a phrase that interrupts a clause or that functions parenthetically. Like number two above, they would require commas to separate them. For German native speakers, the use of the Oxford comma is a common source of confusion. Please consider supporting our work with a contribution to wikiHow. Only use a comma to separate a dependent clause at the end of a sentence for added emphasis, usually when negation occurs. To make things even more confusing, there are few definite rules to comma use. Finally, quotations, interrupters, and some parenthetical statements need commas. ”; it is recommended even by those who discourage the use of the Oxford comma (the comma before the last item in a list). wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. While it is not always necessary to use a comma after a sentence’s introductory element, it’s usually a good idea to do so since omission can lead to hesitancy or confusion. It's a good idea to get a (semi-)professional to review your work if possible. Use a comma to separate the quotation from the attribution. Use a comma to separate the elements in a series (three or more things), including the last two. Start a New Sentence or Use a Semicolon A conjunctive adverb (e.g., "however," "furthermore," "consequently") provides a transition (i.e., acts like a bridge) between the first … If the piece of direct speech comes after the information about who is speaking, you need to use a comma to introduce the direct speech. The final comma in these lists (before the word ‘and’) is known as the ‘serial comma’. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. 2) It happened on sunny Tuesday May 25 2008. ", Is a comma used in the sentence "in 1999 I married my love, Fred Weber, a graduate from Cleveland High?". Misuse of grammar and punctuation in a professional setting can damage your credibility. The other type of subordinate clause beginning with ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘whom’, etc. Basically, a restrictive relative clause contains information that’s essential to the meaning of the sentence as a whole. Although many grammar-lovers hate it, plenty of sentences begin with “and,” “so,” and “but.” In fact, the Chicago Manual of Style asserts that, as long as the resulting sentence is perfectly clear, starting a sentence with a conjunction is grammatically correct. Comma definition: (noun) a punctuation mark that separates a list or indicates a pause … If the clause provides just additional information, then use commas. In C and C++, comma (, ) can be used in two contexts: 1) Comma as an operator: The comma operator (represented by the token, ) is a binary operator that evaluates its first operand and discards the result, it then evaluates the second operand and returns this value (and type). use a comma before a vocative at the end of the sentence. The consensus seems to be in favor of the comma in American usage; against it in British usage. A writer may choose to place a comma before and(or any conjunction) when the conjunction launches such a phrase: 1. A subordinate clause beginning with ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘that’, ‘whom’, … If all of the items in your series are phrases instead of single words, or if the items in your list contain commas, it is acceptable to use semicolons to separate the items instead of commas: “You have a choice of two breakfasts: For example, consider this sentence: “I would like to dedicate this book to. Here are the main cases when you need to use a comma: You need to put a comma between the different items in a list, as in the following sentences: Saturday morning started with a hearty breakfast of scrambled eggs, bacon, sausage, and French toast. Incorrect: 1) Deliver the package to 48 Madison Street New York NY. Only use a comma to separate a dependent clause at the end of a sentence for added emphasis, usually when negation occurs. By "parenthetical element," we mean a part of a sentence which can be removed without changing the essential meaning of that sentence. For example, "I have a big red wagon" would not take commas, while "I have a rusty, well-loved wagon" would. Jeremy Porter on May 15, 2013 6:57 pm. Here is an example of an absolute phrase concluding a sentence: “The couple hurried home, Common subordinating conjunctions include, For example, here is an adverb clause that begins a sentence: “. Place it after "sadly," the introductory element. You can decide if two adjectives in a row are … The short answer is no. On the other hand, if removing the phrase does nothing to the meaning of the sentence, and it still makes sense, then the phrase is non-restrictive and a comma should be used. The comma is one of the most used punctuation mark in the English Language. ". For my birthday, I invited Jen, Ben, and Sam to my party. If you are not confident in your writing yet, use punctuation checker software a few times until you get the hang of things. Your writing, at its best For example, here is a sentence interrupted by a direct address to another person: “That's why I'm appointing you, Here is an example of a restrictive modifier in a sentence: “Drivers, Here is another example of a restrictive modifier: “The song, In almost all cases, a clause beginning with the relative pronoun. Comma. Many people are uncertain about the use of commas, though, and often sprinkle them throughout their writing without knowing the basic rules. In fact, the rules for using commas are really rather simple, though complicated by the fact that the comma has four distinct uses. Explore more than 1,851 'Using Comma List' resources for teachers, parents, and students. Tip: Each part is a separate piece of information, micro … To begin with, forget anything you've ever been told about using a comma "wherever you would pause", or anything of the sort; this well-meaning advice is hopelessly misleading. Alice asked John once, but only once, to forgive her. Amid the current public health and economic crises, when the world is shifting dramatically and we are all learning and adapting to changes in daily life, people need wikiHow more than ever. I love you, Tommy!". Commas should be used before and when joining two independent clauses or when compiling a list. Incorrect: My dress was blue sparkly and long. without a … is known as a ‘non-restrictive relative clause’. Use a comma + a little conjunction (and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so) to connect two independent clauses, as in "He hit the ball well, but he ran toward third base." When a sentence … Using a comma to make a connection between two independent clauses; In an independent clause, both the subjects and the verb can exist on its own in a sentence. You only do it when you need the comma to prevent confusion because your sentence could have two meanings. In a list of three or more items, the Oxford comma (also known as the serial comma or the Harvard comma) is the comma used immediately before a grammatical conjunction (usually “and” / “or”) preceding the final item in the list. Using commas when writing the date also allows for interrupting information to be seamlessly included in the middle of a sentence without disrupting its flow. The reality of comma usage is far more complex because this form of punctuation has many different uses. Adding a comma can change the meaning of a sentence. The comma plays a crucial role in the construction of a sentence, especially a run-on long complex sentence. b) to mark off phrases in apposition. Use a comma after a dependent clause that starts a sentence. C. filter_none. This is true for proper names, ordinary nouns, verbs, or anything else. To use commas correctly, use them to separate clauses that are not crucial to the meaning of the sentence. a sentence which is made up of a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses). "Did the neighbor or anyone else ever see this abuse? Use a comma to set off parenthetical elements, as in "The Founders Bridge, which spans the Connecticut River, is falling down." Nevertheless, the style that seems to be recommended the most is to always include a comma before “etc. The Penguin Writer’s Manual (British) shows both i.e. This grammar guide will teach you when you should and shouldn’t place a comma before which. If you aren’t sure whether you’ve used a pair of commas correctly, try replacing them with brackets or removing the information enclosed by the commas altogether, and then see if the sentence is still understandable, or if it still conveys the meaning you intended. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses linked by a coordinating conjunction. I like fried potatoes, and I adore mashed potato. People often get muddled about whether to place a comma before conjunctions like and, so, because, and or. More specifically, a comma is used every three decimal places in numbers of four or more digits (counting right to left). Either way, we will cover when to use a comma, when NOT to use a comma, and why there are some exceptions to the rules. Direct address also falls into this category. The rules for using a comma before a conjunction like "and," "or," and "but" are not simple because it depends how the conjunction is being used and what writing convention you're following. If you are writing the date with just the month and the year, do NOT use a comma to separate the month and year. Correct: Some useful subjects are English, which is an … When it comes to writing, using short sentences is usually frowned upon. The most standardized format of “commas in dates” implies to separate a day of the week from a month and a month from a year ‒ for example, Saturday, May 12, … He is efficient, hardworking and honest. It is used to indicate a short pause during the course of a sentence, when the speaker wishes to take a slight break. Here is an example of an introductory word beginning a sentence: “, Introductory transitions may also take the form of phrases, such as, For example, this is a participial phrase: “, This is an example of a prepositional phrase: “, Here is an example of an infinitive phrase beginning a sentence: “, Here is an example of an absolute phrase beginning a sentence: “. If necessary, separate long sentences into two or more smaller sentences. Is the comma correct in the sentence "Elizabeth is my full name, but I go by Liza?". Of note, in most other countries, the use of periods (full stops) and commas is reversed when writing numbers. In this case, the comma goes inside the quotation mark: There are two exceptions to this rule. On the flip side, some believe it is vitally important to include an Oxford comma. Therefore, it’s important to use a comma when connecting two independent clauses, as you want to ensure your readers know the two are related. Using commas with compound sentences or to separate clauses with other commas can cause confusion. We use commas to separate a series of adjectives which modify the same noun. The school has a vegetable garden in which the children grow cabbages, onions, potatoes, and carrots. Your support helps wikiHow to create more in-depth illustrated articles and videos and to share our trusted brand of instructional content with millions of people all over the world. Here is an example of using a comma to connect independent sentences. Drawbacks of having multiple different separators or terminators (compared to a single terminator and … Not all writers or publishers use it, but it is used by Oxford Dictionaries – some people refer to it as ‘the Oxford comma’. Therefore, we should say: “I love chocolate, cookies, and ice cream.” However, we could also say: “I love chocolate, cookies and ice cream,” omitting the last comma. Period. … The comma every third digit is sometimes known as a “thousands-separator.” Make sure you don’t include a space on either … That last comma is called the Oxford comma, and we’ll talk about that in more detail later. But, do not use a comma directly between the last adjective and the noun it is describing: Correct: The long, sparkly dress was perfect for the dance. Use a comma after a dependent clause that starts a sentence. The dog barks, and plays. "I'm a Huddersfield comma writer, which is exactly the same as the Oxford Comma. Use a semicolon. It isn’t entirely clear from this sentence whether the writer is listing three or four of their favourite sandwich fillings: is ‘ham’ one of their favourites and ‘cheese’ another, or is it ‘ham and cheese’ that they like? For example, in the sentence “Drivers who exceed the speed limit are reckless," there are no commas because the clause “who exceed the speed limit” is essential to the meaning of the sentence. The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. It is used: a) to separate three or more words of the same parts of speech. 2) It happened on sunny Tuesday, May 25, 2008. Placing commas correctly in sentences is tricky for most writers, as we don’t want our sentences to be very long with no pauses for our readers to take. Comma rules are the subject of much confusion and even heated debate (such as whether or not to use the Oxford comma). 17 rules for using commas correctly without looking like a fool 1. The comma is used in many contexts and languages, mainly to separate parts of a sentence such as clauses and items in lists, mainly when there are three or more items listed. The dog barks and plays. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. For example, “I went swimming” and “I met an old friend” are both independent clauses. When a writer quotes a speaker’s words exactly as they were spoken, this is known as direct speech. "In 1999, I married my love, Fred Weber, a graduate from Cleveland High." A really long sentence may be perfectly correct without commas. Let's start with a rule that everybody agrees on: Use a comma before a conjunction that joins two independent clauses (an independent clause is a clause that could stand alone as a sentence). Correct: More than 50,000 people turned up to protest. In this article, we explore two Punctuation Marks, namely comma and Full Stop. use a comma before and after a vocative in the middle of the sentence. Should a comma be used after "recently" in the sentence that begins, "Recently, a minister questioned..." ?". Beware of popular myths of comma usage: MYTH: Long sentences need a comma. If we were to join these two sentences, we would have to introduce a command between them. http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/commas/, https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/645/01/, http://www2.sandhills.edu/academic-departments/english/commaguidelines.html, http://www.businessinsider.com/a-guide-to-proper-comma-use-2013-9, https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/607/03/, https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/627/02/, https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/607/04/, Please consider supporting our work with a contribution to wikiHow. The comma operator has the lowest precedence of any C operator, and acts as a sequence point. In casual writing and speech, people sometimes start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. You should use a comma around this part of the sentence. "When in doubt, leave it out!". You could take out this information and the sentence would still make sense. Alternatively, you would need to use commas in the sentence “George Washington, our first president, served two terms,” since “our first president" is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use commas before coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, or, and so in compound sentences. The last major use of the comma, semicolon, and period hierarchy is in Erlang (1986), where commas separate expressions; semicolons separate clauses, both for control flow and for function clauses; and periods terminate statements, such as function definitions or module attributes, not the entire program. This article has been viewed 415,887 times. It's here! Using commas with compound sentences or to separate clauses with other commas can cause confusion. It depends on how you use it in a sentence, if you want to show the reader to have a slight pause, you put a comma. … Comma Before And … Commas are used to separate a part of a sentence that is an optional ‘aside’ and not part of the main statement. There are different types of subordinate clause, though, and in some types the use of commas can be very important. Using Commas After So. The most telltale sign that someone doesn't know their comma rules is overuse. So it would look like: Also, we need groceries. % of people told us that this article helped them. when the i.e. Separate multiple adjectives modifying the same noun. Sam, and Sarah take excellent care of their pets. Using an Oxford comma will never be grammatically incorrect, so if you’re unsure whether you need it, use it anyway. Make sure to set off the entire modifier with commas, using one at each end. Incorrect: More than 50000 people turned up to protest. If you used a comma, it would be too confusing because it would seem like you're telling Tommy that you love him. If you removed Sarah’s name from the sentence, there would still be no doubt as to who was the midwife: If you rewrite the original sentence without commas its meaning changes: The lack of commas tells us that the name ‘Sarah’ is crucial to the understanding of the sentence. For example: He is a great … Using commas is necessary after city-state combination and any date combination within a sentence. Punctuation within sentences can be tricky; however, if you know just a few of the following rules, you will be well on your way to becoming a polished writer and proofreader. The adjectives (describing words) referring to the curry are in fact, parts of a list. … Use commas to separate three or more words, phrases, or clauses written in a series. Using commas incorrectly may confuse the reader, signal ignorance of writing rules, or indicate carelessness. The dog is well trained and good natured. You may be familiar with how to use commas, but a comma can serve many purposes. For example, here is an example of a prepositional phrase acting as an interrupter: “It is. The style for journalistic writing, as expressed in The Associated Press Stylebook, is to omit it. In casual writing and speech, people sometimes start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction. Tommy', not I love you, Tommy. In a long sentence, you can use commas to separate out extra information and make the sentence easier to read. For example, this is a common but incorrect comma usage: “Abraham Lincoln. Grammar It’s unusual to put a comma before because. Comma. Whether to use a comma before or after which in a sentence is a dilemma that many people face when writing. See more about Punctuation in direct speech. 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