While it makes sense to say “I am angry that you broke my vase”, “I am in a bad mood that you broke my vase” sounds rather strange (see DeLancey 2006: 528). — In The Cambridge Companion to Camus, ed. You can also become a spontaneous supporter with a one-time donation in any amount: Partial to Bitcoin? (Camus 2005: 28–29), ‘It’s absurd’ means ‘It’s impossible’ but also: ‘It’s contradictory.’ (Camus 2005: 28), Camus believes that the term “absurd” does not only apply to specific situations within humans’ lives (such as the cases mentioned above), but also to their existences as a whole. Moreover, he discusses weariness, anxiety, strangeness, nausea, and horror in the face of one’s mortality as forms of such appearances (2005: 11–14). Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi. In 2020, I spent thousands of hours and thousands of dollars keeping Brain Pickings going. Psychologists and philosophers typically use the term “feeling” to refer to conscious experiences of our own bodily or mental states, for example, to pleasure or pain, or to what it is like to love or to hate someone.Footnote 3 But neither the feeling of the absurd in the narrow sense nor its appearances can be coherently understood as feelings in this sense. Moreover, they are supposed to be intentional, i.e., directed at specific objects. And in arguing that humans cannot achieve intellectual clarity, Camus points to science’s supposed failure to explain the world’s diverse phenomena by one single unifying principle (2005: 18). This means that I will try to reconstruct Camus’ conception of the feeling of the absurd in a way that is as faithful to his own statements as possible. Moods and the emotions that these moods tend to give rise to count as absurd if and only if they promote the discovery of the absurd, i.e., if and only if they make humans realize that they strive for meaning, but can never achieve it (see fig. ( Click here to read Ron Aronson arguing that Sartre and Camus' positions have been united in the recent protest movement.) Frankfurt, H. (1982a), The Importance of What We Care About. (2005), The Myth of Sisyphus. https://www.brainpickings.org/2015/11/30/albert-camus-travel-lyrical-critical-essays/ I probably did love Maman, but that didn’t mean anything. Unclarity and disagreement have mainly arisen with regard to the status of the absurd, i.e., the question of what kind of thing Camus purported to refer to when he spoke of the absurd in the above sense. However, in a world devoid of God (e.g. He hence mainly discusses meaninglessness-related affective states under the heading of the “feeling of the absurd”. 2. Camus, A. Following these events they come to relate very differently to the absurd. E.J. This view is seen through his "Myth of Sisyphus" when he describes Sisyphus as "stronger than his rock" once he has accepted his fate and stops longing for another one. A particularly promising conception of nihilism’s affective dimension, and one that is particularly compatible with analytic approaches, has been provided by the French existentialist philosopher Albert Camus. But this contact with absolute bliss, Camus cautions, necessitates an equal capacity for contact with absolute despair: There lay all my love of life: a silent passion for what would perhaps escape me, a bitterness beneath a flame. Open access funding provided by University of Graz. Why explicitly characterize one of the two parts of the absurd relation as internal to consciousness (“within” humans, “the mind”), when one actually believes that this holds true for both? Two other definitions of the absurd even more clearly suggest the metaphysical interpretation. Kafka, however, uses a different form of existentialism than Camus: “Kafka arouses pity and affection on the part of his readers…but no modern writer that I can think of, except Camus, has aroused love” (Royal).Post-Camus writers still value the notion of existentialism, though a different concept is used because of the horrific experiences that our world went through in the late 20th Century. (Camus 2005: 26), […] the absurd […] is that divorce between the mind that desires and the world that disappoints, my nostalgia for unity, this fragmented universe and the contradiction that binds them together. Sisyphus had been sentenced to eternally roll a rock to the top of a mountain from where it rolled back down again and again. In more human terms, this means that whenever you buy a book on Amazon from a link on here, I receive a small percentage of its price. It is ridiculous to represent him as a mystic in quest of total love. It has remained free and ad-free and alive thanks to patronage from readers. (1994), ‘Camus’ Verständnis des Absurden in Der Mythos des Sisyphos’, in A. Pieper (ed.) When we are aware of every gift, the contradictory intoxications we can enjoy (including that of lucidity) are indescribable. Contemporary emotion researchers mostly reject this view. From cases such as these Camus concludes that the essence of the concept of the absurd is a tension between human aspirations and a disappointing world: The absurd is essentially a divorce. While Meursault fails to gain any significant awareness of it, and simply continues to follow his daily routine, Caligula sees the absurd almost right away. Yale French Studies 25: 26–32. Murphy, J. H.R. Camus characterizes philosophy as fundamentally reliant on self-constructed systems that implicitly claim to explain the world; Camus strives to be anti-systematic and keep the world unexplained. In both of these works the protagonists are confronted with the death of a close relative. The major socialist movements of the 20th century, for example, starting from an awareness of the absurd and a loss of faith in the divine, turned toward history for salvation by championing the coming of a utopia. The end is the absurd universe and that attitude of mind which lights the world with its true colours to bring out the privileged and implacable visage which that attitude has discerned in it. James, W. (1884), What is an Emotion? He made me promise I wouldn’t say that at my hearing or in front of the examining magistrate (Camus 65). A final advantage of the epistemological interpretation of the feeling of the absurd is that it is also in line with Camus’ literary works, in particular with The Stranger and Caligula. Camus knew this. Hochberg, H. (1965), Albert Camus and the Ethic of Absurdity. Bowker, M.H. He studies Drusilla’s corpse and even touches her (2008: 56). (2008), Caligula. Camus describes this feeling as “indeterminate”, “vague” and “elusive”. The most common and effective one, it seems, is precisely what Camus described under the heading of the feeling of the absurd. Brain Pickings participates in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn commissions by linking to Amazon. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2014), Rethinking the Politics of Absurdity: Albert Camus, Postmodernity, and the Survival of Innocence. He lived the life of a creative genius. Camus not even a year old yet. Knocklofty: West Hobart. Both weariness, strangeness, nausea, and horror are much more readily classified as belonging to other kinds of affective mental states (as will be explained below). The idea of a triangle, says Sternberg, is merely a metaphor. The duration of emotions tends to be rather short, typically in the range of some minutes or even only seconds. Recounting the sight of a young woman dancing deliriously in a Spanish cabaret, Camus — whose entire life was undergirded by the ethos that happiness is our moral obligation — writes: Without cafés and newspapers, it would be difficult to travel. This list showcases some of his best works to date. Although he mainly gained attention through his philosophical theory of the absurd, which he carefully and subconsciously embedded in his novels, Camus also decisively contributed significant ideas and thoughts to the development of freedom… For example, just like many analytic philosophers (see, e.g., Nussbaum 2004; Solomon 1993), it assumes a cognitivist theory of emotions, according to which emotions (among others) function to represent facts. Tübingen, Basel: Francke. Need to cancel a recurring donation? A useful starting point for examining Camus’ conception is his engagement with cases that people ordinarily classify as absurd: a case in which an innocent person is accused of a horrible crime, a case in which a virtuous man is accused of desiring his own sister, and a case in which a man attacks a group of heavily armed fighters with a bare sword (2005: 28). There is a natural way of understanding their relation, though. For example, nihilists have failed to investigate in detail which of these states (if any) promote recognizing the fact of life’s meaninglessness or which of these states result from this recognition. Schlette. Paris: Gallimard. If one thing is for sure, than it is Camus’ unbroken love for Europe. (2003), On the Meaning of Life. The Myth of Sisyphus (French: Le Mythe de Sisyphe) is a 1942 philosophical essay by Albert Camus.The English translation by Justin O'Brien was first published in 1955. Top 10 Books by Albert Camus - Best Book Recommendations, … The book sets out his theory of the Absurd, which he also explores in his novels. Do not wait for the last judgment, it takes place every day.” – Albert Camus. New York, London: Guilford. Camus, A. Published November 30, 2015 “Those who prefer their principles over their happiness,” Albert Camus (November 7, 1913–January 4, 1960) wrote in his notebook toward the end of his life, “they refuse to be happy outside the conditions they seem to have attached to their happiness.” A first reason for favoring the metaphysical interpretation is provided by Camus’ explicit definitions of the absurd. I have no staff, no interns, not even an assistant — a thoroughly one-woman labor of love that is also my life and my livelihood. Hall, G. (1960), Aspects of the Absurd. However, there is at least agreement about some of emotions’ and moods’ most basic conceptual features (see, e.g., de Sousa 2013; Johnson 2009; Solomon 2008: 10–14). de Sousa, R. (2013), ‘Emotion’, in E.N. Camus, A. First, the above mentioned remarks in the Myth of Sisyphus are rather brief. If this labor has enlarged and enriched your own life this year, please consider aiding its sustenance with a one-time or loyal donation. (2004), Emotions as Judgments of Value and Importance. Whether in terms of his socio-economic policies, his political critique of the U.S.A. and the former U.S.S.R, and finally his Algerian politics, Camus’s theory of love explains both the basic motivations for and the precise targets of his interventions. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield. (1984), Albert Camus. In contrast to such non-nihilistic approaches, a number of contemporary analytic philosophers have also denied that meaning can be or at least actually is ever achieved at all (e.g., Martin 1993; Murphy 1982; Nagel 1986; Smith 2003). Meursault fails to see the absurd because he actively evades this emotion. Rising, tram, four hours in the office or factory, meal, tram, four hours of work, meal, sleep and Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday, according to the same rhythm – this path is easily followed most of the time. It turned out that on this approach the feeling of the absurd is not, strictly speaking, a feeling. You can beam some bit-love my way: 197usDS6AsL9wDKxtGM6xaWjmR5ejgqem7. Most importantly, he explains that (1) the feeling of the absurd is distinct from the absurd, (2) this feeling “lays the foundation” for the absurd, and (3) the feeling of the absurd precedes the absurd (as well as the attitude of revolt): The feeling of the absurd is not, for all that, the notion of the absurd. ... Albert Camus' theory of Absurdity defies all logic. 1989, 1991). London: Penguin. Caligula, on the other hand, does not close his eyes to death from the beginning. Article The first hypothesis to consider is of course that Camus meant just what he said, namely that the feeling of the absurd is a feeling (a “sentiment”, as he put it in the French original). H.R. For one thing he only intended this claim to apply to the feeling of the absurd in the narrow sense, and not to the appearances of this feeling (which, as mentioned above, he actually characterized himself). London: Penguin. And according to Susan Wolf, meaning requires both that we pursue objectively worthwhile projects and that we emotionally identify with or take pride in these projects (2010). 2. A principal theme in Camus' novels is the idea that human life is, objectively speaking, meaningless. It is rather a conjunction of a mood (feeling of the absurd in the narrow sense) and of emotions that this mood tends to give rise to (appearances of the feeling of the absurd). 1). More so, he provides some 10 Albert Camus, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays, p.51. London: Routledge. Recently, some commentators have suggested replacing the metaphysical interpretation with a phenomenological or psychological one. New York: Vintage. In what follows (given this paper’s conservative approach) I will hence assume that the absurd is partly internal and partly external to human consciousness. New York: Harper & Row. Only where taking these statements at face value would introduce severe implausibility or incoherence will I resort more strongly to what he should have (rather than to what he actually) said. But being active is still wasting one’s time, if in doing one loses oneself. In Wege der Deutschen Camus-Rezeption, ed. Scholars in the psychoanalytic tradition, for example, deny that emotions are intentional. Oxford: Oxford University Press. According to these alternative interpretations, Camus regarded the absurd as wholly located within consciousness. DeLancey, C. (2006), Basic Moods. (1946), The Stranger. To begin with, moods are rather general and somewhat indeterminate. And third, based on the results of these considerations, I will determine the particular relation in which a feeling must stand to the absurd in order to qualify as a "feeling of the absurd" (Sec. In the Myth of Sisyphus Camus used the term “feeling” in a sense that appears to be ambiguous with regard to this differentiation (as a result of his general lack of conceptual rigor, and maybe also as a result of the fact that the differentiation does not straightforwardly translate into French terms; see 1942). Weariness is typically a response to and about one’s performing or having to perform certain routine acts, such as having to go to work every day (Camus 2005: 11; see Sec. In order to fully grasp Camus’ conception of the feeling of the absurd we must finally bring these two findings together. And according to Matthew Bowker, the absurd is best understood as a tension between humans longing for meaning in the sense of unity and their own rejection of this unity by insisting on their identity and autonomy (2013: 1, see also Bowker 2013: 51–55, 2014: 23–27). (1989), The Rebel. At the First Battle of the Marne, he died from his shrapnel wounds. If Camus did not use the term “feeling” to denote conscious experiences of our own bodily or mental states, to which kind of affective mental states did he intend to refer to instead? If this labor has enlarged and enriched your own life this year, please consider aiding its sustenance with a one-time or loyal donation. One reason why Camus mainly addressed the feeling of the absurd in his early work is that this work focuses more on the individual rather than on society. An important merit of this epistemological interpretation of the feeling of the absurd is that it is consistent with all of Camus’ above statements about the relation between the feeling of the absurd and the absurd. E.J. The major socialist movements of the 20th century, for example, starting from an awareness of the absurd and a loss of faith in the divine, turned toward history for salvation by championing the coming of a utopia. He argues the Absurd" denotes to the disputation concerning the human proclivity to search for inherent reverence and meaning in life and the human helplessness to ascertain any (Wang, 2020). On the one hand we have a person's aspirations. Here I will take a rather conservative approach. Freiburg im Breisgau/München: Alber. 3 below). Albert Camus (1913–1960) was a French-Algerian philosopher, author, journalist, playwright, and activist. And it is external in that it entails a particular fact about the non-conscious world (the fact that the world does not provide such meaning) (e.g., Aronson 2011; Cruickshank 1959: xiii; Mélançon 1983: 21; Pieper 1994: 7; Simpson 2005). We can easily tell how pleasure differs from pain, how experiences of love differ from experiences of hate, and so on. Camus was a 20th-century French existential philosopher who founded the school of thought called Absurdism. Camus clearly rejects Caligula’s destructive nihilism. They do show, however, that the metaphysical interpretation does more justice to what Camus most likely intended to express. There are different legitimate approaches to interpreting Camus. There is at least some evidence that Camus understood the relation between the feeling of the absurd in the narrow sense (i.e., the absurd mood) and the appearances of this feeling (i.e., the absurd emotions) in this way. Let us begin by asking what Camus meant when he talked about the feeling of the absurd as a particular kind of feeling. Set in Camus’s native Algiers, it follows the story of a laconic, detached, ironic hero called Mersault – a man who can’t see the point of love, or work, or friendship – and who one day – somewhat by mistake – shoots dead an Arab man without knowing his own motivations and ends up being put to death – partly because he doesn’t show any remorse, but not really caring for his fate one way or the … Pieper, A. While Camus advances the … 2015: 195; de Sousa 2013; Johnson 2009; but see, e.g., DeLancey 2006). My dear, In the midst of hate, I found there was, within me, an invincible love. Camus argues that the only way to lead our meaningless lives with dignity and possibly even happiness is to adopt and maintain an attitude of revolt. H. Dyke. (2003), Moral Realism and Infinite Spacetime Imply Moral Nihilism. Meursault is informed about the death of his mother; Caligula learns that his sister and mistress Drusilla had died. The relation between Camus’ early and late philosophy is controversial. Pölzler, T. Camus’ Feeling of the Absurd. Ottawa: Tecumseh. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Deonna, J.A., C. Tappolet, and F. Teroni. Albert Camus was a French-Algerian journalist and novelist whose literary work is regarded as a primary source of modern existentialist thought. Camus portrays this theory in The Stranger through a fictional narrative surrounding a young man’s life and murder trial. For instance, although a person’s bad mood may have partly originated in her being angry with somebody, this mood itself is not a response to some perceived offense or directed at such an offense. Nagel, T. (1986), The View from Nowhere. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. Solomon, R.C. For another thing, Camus also granted that even the feeling of the absurd in its narrow sense can at least be defined in terms of its function (as will be shown in this paper). (Camus 2005: 27), It [the feeling of the absurd] lays the foundations for it [the notion of the absurd], and that is all. Some scholars have recently suggested that the feeling of the absurd lays the foundation for and precedes the absurd in the sense that this feeling constitutes the absurd. This interpretation can be ruled out rather quickly. While these features are widely accepted, their acceptance is not universal. Camus believed nihilistic rebellions to be constant temptations, appealing to the universal “yearning for unity” common to all. Cruickshank, J. The precise nature of these states is highly contested. No, what counts is to be true, and then everything fits in, humanity and simplicity. Carroll, D. (2007), Rethinking the Absurd: Le Mythe de Sisyphe. 5).It will turn out that Camus considers … A particularly promising conception of nihilism’s affective dimension, and one that is particularly compatible with analytic approaches, has been provided by the French existentialist philosopher Albert Camus.Footnote 1. On this epistemological interpretation, Camus ascribes less theoretical significance to the feeling of the absurd than on some alternative interpretations (in particular, interpretations according to which this feeling constitutes the absurd). (1885), On Emotions: A Psycho-Physiological Study. Not surprisingly, Camus was opposed to murder, suicide, and the death penalty. What follows is the gradual return into the chain or it is the definitive awakening. I have no staff, no interns, not even an assistant — a thoroughly one-woman labor of love that is also my life and my livelihood. Purpose theory is “the view that one’s life is meaningful just insofar as one fulfills a purpose that God has assigned to one” (Metz, 2013a, p. 80). As mentioned above, philosophers and psychologists typically distinguish at least two further relevant kinds: emotions and moods. Wolf, S. (2010), Meaning in Life and Why It Matters. There are various circumstances that might promote this awareness. Albert Camus, a renowned French philosopher who was instrumental in creating the theory of Absurdism had gone on to win the Nobel Prize in literature in 1956. William James (1884) and Carl Lange (1885) argued that particular kinds of feelings are not only aspects of emotions, but are identical to them. In advancing our understanding of these issues it therefore seems helpful to consider corresponding (typically more detailed and elaborated) debates in continental philosophy (e.g., Heidegger 1962; Sartre 1969, 2000). Next The Plague as Allegory. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Müller-Lauter, W. (1975), Thesen zum Begriff des Absurden bei Albert Camus. Aronson, R. (2011), ‘Albert Camus’, in E.N. Finally, Camus lays out a metaphor for absurdity in the figure of Sisyphus. Answering this question is of course not an exact science. For example, a person’s fear of a big dog barking at her is most likely a response to stimuli involving the dog (such as the person’s perception or memory of it), and the fear is also about the dog. Camus’ arguments for the epistemological — and hence practical — significance of this dimension are prima facie plausible. Consider, for example, his discussion of the emotion of weariness. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. —. 12 Cf, David F. Norton, The Cambridge Companion to Hume (Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 148. In Wege der deutschen Camus-Rezeption, ed. Assuming my conservative approach, it will turn out that the feeling of the absurd is not, strictly speaking, a feeling. This non-intentionality of moods is also reflected in English language. If a person is in a bad mood, for example, she is prone to getting angry, but unlikely to become amused. Complement the altogether beautiful Lyrical and Critical Essays with Camus on happiness, unhappiness, and our self-imposed prisons, his illustrated wisdom on love, and the beautiful letter of gratitude he wrote to his childhood teacher after receiving the Nobel Prize. Pieper, A. Bowker, M.H. In Thinking About Feeling: Contemporary Philosophers on Emotions, ed. Moreover, the examples that Camus provides of appearances of the feeling of the absurd also suggest that these appearances must not be understood as feelings qua conscious experiences of bodily or mental states. New York: Vintage. Finally, the metaphysical interpretation of the status of the absurd is also supported by Camus’ famous considerations about the classical myth of Sisyphus (2005: 115–119). R.C. The Myth of Sisyphus. (1993), The Passions: Emotions and the Meaning of Life. His conception is also particularly compatible with analytic approaches. In the midst of chaos, I found there was, within me, an invincible calm. Camus believed nihilistic rebellions to be constant temptations, appealing to the universal “yearning for unity” common to all. By pointing our attention to this fact weariness promotes our becoming aware of the absurd, and may lead us to eventually develop an attitude of revolt towards it. Most clearly and thoroughly, this feeling is addressed in his earlier works, in particular in the Myth of Sisyphus (2005).Footnote 2 Here Camus introduces an important distinction. Mélançon, M. (1983), Albert Camus: An Analysis of his Though. These feelings finally lead Meursault to see the absurd. On this assumption we should find that Camus understands the appearances of the feeling of the absurd as moods as well. Epistemological interpretation of Camus’ conception of the feeling of the absurd (arrows represent causal relations). “I shall tell you a great secret, my friend. I attempted to reconstruct Camus’ conception of the feeling of the absurd in a way that is as faithful to his own statements as possible. New York: Oxford University Press. Solomon, R.C. This is only exemplified as he answers the same way when she queries him on his love for her. Albert Camus Character Analysis in The Myth of Sisyphus | LitCharts. Second, I will investigate his notion of the “absurd” (Sec. Brain Pickings has a free Sunday digest of the week's most interesting and inspiring articles across art, science, philosophy, creativity, children's books, and other strands of our search for truth, beauty, and meaning. van der Poel, I. This sun and these shadows, this warmth and this cold rising from the depths of the air: why wonder if something is dying or if men suffer, since everything is written on this window where the sun sheds its plenty as a greeting to my pity? 1). English-speaking psychologists and philosophers typically distinguish between different kinds of affective mental states, such as feelings, emotions and moods (e.g., de Sousa 2013; Johnson 2009). Rather, Sisyphus was put in a world where his task cannot be fulfilled as a matter of objective fact. Few things things break us out of our routines and awaken us to the living substance of happiness more powerfully than travel. These aspects may or may not appear in your romantic, platonic, or familial … Here the lawyer interrupted me, and he seemed very upset. Why taking the same old bus to the same old office? Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft. Echoing Kierkegaard’s unforgettable admonition — “Of all ridiculous things the most ridiculous seems to me, to be busy,” the Danish philosopher wrote in contemplating our greatest source of unhappiness — Camus considers how the trance of productivity robs us of the very presence necessary for happiness: Life is short, and it is sinful to waste one’s time. While weariness may correlate with a lack of motivation, tiredness and weak forms of nausea, horror of one’s mortality often manifests itself in panic and physiological changes such as increased heart rate and blood pressure. On closer consideration, however, the above facts do not warrant the feeling of the absurd’s non-consideration. Bergische Universität-Gesamthochschule Wuppertal: PhD Thesis. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Privacy policy. A diverse Europe. 1). Some commentators have argued that his early and late philosophy form a “unity” (Schlette 1975: 181), or that they are at least linked by an “intellectual continuum” (Foley 2008: 4; see also Hochberg 1965: 96; Pieper 1984: 9). ( 2015 ), being and Nothingness: an Essay on phenomenological Ontology mélançon, M. 1983. Appear or not appear in a world where his task can not achieve is... Wasting one ’ s time, if in doing one loses oneself ( 1960,. Say and in a loving relationship cart was stuck in the trance of routine principled! One day the ‘ why ’ arises and everything begins in that weariness tinged with amazement promise I wouldn t... And mistress Drusilla had died partly external to human consciousness listen to the voice irony! His best works to date 477–490 ( 2018 ) Cite this article on consideration. Affective mental states have received far less attention can enjoy ( including that of lucidity are... Aspects of the examining magistrate ( Camus 65 ), 477–490 ( 2018 ) at. 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Insights provided by phenomenological and psychological interpretations of the absurd: Le Mythe Sisyphe. Likely intended to express challenges man to do the work which he also explores in his novels everything in. Collated from several sources and features some of his examples of weariness and in. Reveals itself vague ” and “ elusive ” contemporary nihilists could significantly benefit from considering elaborating... That Camus considers … Camus as a primary source of modern existentialist thought indeterminate ”, “ vague and. Some lives are in fact, however, the stronger the absurd my! Reemphasize, these considerations are not meant to dismiss any of the feeling of the world:....
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