who won the battle of anzio

[29], Even though the base of the salient was nearly broken, Lucas was able to bolster the British 1st Division's defenses with the newly arrived 168th Brigade (from the 56th Division, containing 1st Battalion, London Irish Rifles, 1st Battalion, London Scottish, 10th Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment). Kesselring, however, was convinced that the Allies' intentions were to gain Route 6 and ordered the Hermann Göring Panzer Division, resting 150 miles (240 km) away at Livorno,[c] to Valmontone to hold open Route 6 for the Tenth Army, which was retreating up this road from Cassino. The Allies broke out in May. Anzio was an important part of cracking open the Gustav Line, the German defensive line south of Rome. USS ANZIO (CG 68) is the second US naval ship to be named in honor of the men and women who served at Anzio. By early February, German forces in Fourteenth Army numbered some 100,000 troops organised into two Army Corps, the 1st Parachute Corps under Schlemm and the LXXVI Panzer Corps under Lieutenant General Traugott Herr. At the end of 1943, the terrain of central Italy had proved ideally suited to defense. After the landings, the German High Command dropped its plans to transfer five of Kesselring's best divisions to Northwestern Europe. At the end of 1943, following the Allied invasion of Italy, Allied forces were bogged down at the Gustav Line, a defensive line across Italy south of the strategic objective of Rome. Source for information on Anzio, Battle of (1944): The Oxford Companion to American Military History dictionary. As a result, the forces of the German Tenth Army fighting at Cassino were able to withdraw and rejoin the rest of Kesselring's forces north of Rome, regroup, and make a fighting withdrawal to his next major prepared defensive position on the Gothic Line. The Battle of Anzio commenced on January 22, 1944 and concluded with the fall of Rome on June 5. But according to Keegan, Lucas's actions "achieved the worst of both worlds, exposing his forces to risk without imposing any on the enemy.". George Patton, 31 May 1944. "[10] However, his written orders to Lucas did not really reflect this. Kesselring was informed of the landings at 3 a.m. January 22. The Allied effort at Anzio ended in victory less than two weeks after these heroic efforts: Allied forces marched into Rome on June 4. The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno.[a][4]. The Italian government quickly surrendered on 8 September 1943. Castle Films. [41] In late March the 56th (London) Infantry Division had also been relieved, after sustaining very heavy losses (one of its battalions — 7th Ox and Bucks of 167th (London) Brigade — had been reduced from 1,000[52] to 60), by British 5th Infantry Division. Name of Battle Date(s) Who Won? With two divisions landed, and facing two or three times that many Germans, it would have been reasonable for Lucas to consider the beachhead insecure. The Allies invade Italy and the Russians start pushing Westward, 1943. Whe… © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. [66], On May 26, while the VI Corps was initiating its difficult maneuver, Kesselring threw elements of four divisions into the Velletri gap to stall the advance on Route 6. Churchill defended the operation[72] and believed that sufficient forces were available. The Allies and Germans fought the battle. RELATED CONTENT: Important Discuss; Discuss; Updated . Part of the Italian Theater of World War II (1939-1945), the campaign was the result of the Allies' inability to penetrate the Gustav Line following their landings at Salerno. Forty minutes later the guns paused as attacks were made by close air support and then resumed as the infantry and armour moved forward. It really affected the US Rangers. His plan therefore was relying on the southern offensive drawing Kesselring's reserves in and providing the Anzio force the opportunity to break inland quickly. Most importantly, although the attack towards Valmontone and Route 6 would continue, 1st Armored were to withdraw to prepare to exploit the planned breakthrough along the new line of attack leaving 3rd Division to continue towards Valmontone with 1st Special Service Force in support. All the plans relied on his divisions each having previously organised a motorized rapid reaction unit (Kampfgruppe) which could move speedily to meet the threat and buy time for the rest of the defenses to get in place. This multi-faceted battle marked one of the longest and bloodiest engagements of the Italian campaign during World War II. The second battle began on 15 February, with the controversial destruction … Allied naval commanders for Operation Shingle, The invasion plan originally assigned this unit to make a. Livorno is referred to as "Leghorn" in contemporary Allied maps and documents. His concept was to land two divisions at Anzio, bypassing German forces in central Italy, and take Rome, the strategic objective of the current Battle of Rome. She will sail the seas dedicated to preserving the freedom won on the Anzio beachhead while keeping alive the legacy of the boundless bravery and fighting spirit of each Anzio veteran. In anticipation of the following spring, Kesselring ordered the preparation of a new defence line, the Caesar C line, behind the line of beachhead running from the mouth of the river Tiber just south of Rome through Albano, skirting south of the Alban Hills to Valmontone and across Italy to the Adriatic coast at Pescara, behind which 14th Army and, to their left, 10th Army might withdraw when the need arose. Initially Lucas had received orders to "1. They overran the 167th Brigade, of the recently arrived 56th (London) Division, and virtually destroyed X Company of the 8th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, which was reduced from around 125 down to a single officer and 10 other ranks and Y Company was down to one officer and 10 men. The New Zealanders and their allies who fought at Cassino also softened up the defence for the next attack later that year in May, but New Zealand and her allies lost much as well. #MemDayPBS . What was the Liberty Ship? Anzio Beach was a stretch of sand 15 miles long and 7 miles deep. While Lucas consolidated, Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, the German commander in the Italian theatre, moved every unit he could spare into a defensive ring around the beachhead. Tune in May 29, 2016 at 8/7c on PBS to hear his story. In the skillfully defended terrain of southern Italy, the Allies in November 1943 during World War II were advancing so slowly that they decided to go around the German defenses by sea, hoping to speed progress to Rome. All rights reserved. In addition, he requested that OKW send reinforcements, and in response to this they ordered the equivalent of more than three divisions from France, Yugoslavia, and Germany whilst at the same time releasing to Kesselring a further three divisions in Italy which had been under OKW's direct command. Lucas recognized that the Anzio force could not hold both the Alban Hills and a vital logistical lifeline to the port of Anzio, and elected merely to establish a beachhead outside Anzio and Nettuno. [14] A few days prior to the attack, Lucas wrote in his diary, "They will end up putting me ashore with inadequate forces and get me in a serious jam... Then, who will get the blame? However, the 5th Army did not have the troops nor the means to transport them. Although resistance had been expected, as seen at Salerno during 1943, the initial landings were essentially unopposed, with the exception of desultory Luftwaffe strafing runs. "[14] The "amateur" can only have referred to Winston Churchill, architect of the disastrous Gallipoli landings of World War I and personal advocate of Shingle. Following Operation HUSKY in Sicily, the Allies invaded southern Italy at Salerno in early September 1943. The attack was commanded by American Major General John P. Lucas. 10 Allied division equivalents forced a beachhead and held against 26 German division equivalents. In March the infantrymen of the "Barbarigo" Battalion (from Decima Flottiglia MAS) joined the frontline along the Canale Mussolini. The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II that took place from January 22, 1944 (beginning with the Allied amphibious landing known as Operation Shingle) to June 5, 1944 (ending with the capture of Rome). Battle of Anzio, (22 January–5 June 1944), World War II event on the coast of Italy, south of Rome. Adrian Gilbert is a writer, editor an Momentum lost, they were quickly surrounded by German forces and so began the brutal 136 day Battle of Anzio. [42] Despite the misgivings of both Kesselring and von Mackensen,[43] a further assault was mounted on February 29, this time on LXXVI Panzer Corps' front[44] around Cisterna. Members of former Blackshirt Lieutenant-Colonel Degli Oddi's "Vendetta" helped defeat a determined effort by the U.S. 3rd Infantry Division to overrun their positions and captured a number of prisoners. He had ignored the orders of Field Marshall Alexander in a decision as militarily stupid as it was insubordinate. They are naturally disappointed that I failed to chase the Hun out of Italy but there was no military reason why I should have been able to do so. The 1944 Battle of Anzio stemmed from the Allied attempt to draw German troops off the Gustav Line during Operation Shingle. Making a sea landing in a marshland needed to be done quickly. Mussolini also founded the five cities destroyed by the battle. Apparently the two allies had different concepts: the Americans viewed such a landing as another distraction from Cassino, but if they could not break through at Cassino, the men at Anzio would be trapped. The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. Planners argued that if Kesselring (in charge of German forces in Italy) pulled troops out of the Gustav Line to defend against the Allied assault, then Allied forces would be able to break through the line; if Kesselring didn't pull troops out of the Gustav Line, then Operation Shingle would threaten to capture Rome and cut off the German units defending the Gustav Line. Copyright © 1996 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. On February 16 at a high level conference hosted by Alexander and attended by Mark W. Clark and Henry Maitland Wilson, commander Allied Force Headquarters it was decided to appoint two deputies under Lucas, Lucian Truscott and the British Major-General Vyvyan Evelegh. An expeditionary force commanded by U.S. Major General John P. Lucas secured a beachhead near Anzio and Nettuno on Italy’s west coast, but his divisions were quickly contained by German Field Marshall Albert Kesselring. By midnight, 36,000 soldiers and 3,200 vehicles had landed on the beaches. Before the United States entered World War II many conflicts erupted throughout Europe such as the advancement of German troops into various countries (Nash 501-502). Neither Clark nor Lucas had full confidence in either their superiors or the operational plan. The final plan called for Lucas to lead the US VI Corps in a landing in the Anzio area, followed by an advance into the Alban Hills, to cut German communications and "threaten the rear of the German XIV Panzer Corps"[citation needed] (under Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin). On the one hand, it … They saw an operation that could have won the war in Italy, thrown away at the cost of many Allied lives, because of the obsession and vanity of one man. The American commanders in particular were determined that nothing should delay the Normandy invasion and the supporting landings in southern France. 22 January-04 June 1944 . The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. [citation needed] Their performance at Anzio led to designation as units of the Waffen-SS, with all the duties and rights that that entailed. A succession of attacks resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, though no budge in th… The land of central Italyhelped the defence. To speed up the advance, Winston Churchill ordered the British commanders to present a plan for a two-division amphibious assault at Anzio, Italy behind the Gustav Line. The Allies won but only after several months of fighting there and at the Cassino front. Should Germany have adequate reinforcements available to defend both Rome and the Gustav Line, the Allies felt that the operation would nevertheless be useful in engaging forces which could otherwise be committed on another front. [10] However, Clark's final orders stated "... 2. The landing … The initial landing achieved complete surprise with no opposition and a jeep patrol even made it as far as the outskirts of Rome. "[56] He argued to Alexander that VI Corps did not have the strength to trap the German 10th Army and Alexander, instead of making his requirements clear, was conciliatory and gave the impression that a push on Rome was still a possibility if Buffalo ran into difficulties. He had written on February 10 to General Alexander[37] encouraging him to exert his authority and Alexander had visited the beachhead on February 14 to tell Lucas he wished for a breakout as soon as the tactical situation allowed. [48] On February 22, Clark replaced Lucas with Truscott, appointing Lucas deputy commander Fifth Army until such time as a suitable job could be found for him back in the United States.[49]. Although the landings came as a surprise, Kesselring had made contingency plans to deal with possible landings at all the likely locations. [17] The 1st Division penetrated 2 miles (3 km) inland, the Rangers captured Anzio's port, the 509th PIB captured Nettuno, and the 3rd Division penetrated 3 miles (5 km) inland. In mid-February, they carried out Adolf Hitler’s order to “lance the abscess south of Rome” with a massive counteroffensive aimed at destroying the beachhead. It also engaged a few German corps that would otherwise have been in Normandy, France. Questions-European Theatre 1. That obviously benefited the upcoming Operation Overlord. Numerous attacks were launched on 1st Battalion, Loyal Regiment (2nd Brigade) and they lost a company, overrun, and the day after had suffered 200 casualties. The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. Despite being heavily criticized Churchill always defended the battle of Anzio, with the reasoning that even though the operation failed it proved to achieve tactical goals and it was successful in holding the German forces that were in Italy from reaching Normandy. He ensured the event was a strictly American affair by stationing military police at road junctions to refuse entry to the city by British military personnel.[70]. The German units in the immediate vicinity had in fact been dispatched to reinforce the Gustav Line only a few days earlier. Any delay could result in the occupation of the mountains by the defenders and the consequent entrapment of the invaders. The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. Nevertheless, few additional defenders arrived on January 23, although the arrival on the evening of January 22 of Lieutenant General Alfred Schlemm and his 1st Parachute Corps headquarters brought greater organisation and purpose to the German defensive preparations. This was no time to drive to the north-west where the enemy was still strong; we should pour our maximum power into the Valmontone Gap to insure the destruction of the retreating German Army. Liberty ships, which were never intended as warships, were involved in some fighting during the battle of Anzio. [18], Lucas' decision remains a controversial one. In the morning of February 4 the situation was becoming more serious, with the 1st Battalion, Irish Guards (of 24th Guards Brigade), only having one cohesive rifle company left and on the opposite side of the salient, the 6th Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (of 2nd Brigade) was beginning to crumble and later lost three complete companies as prisoners. https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-anzio. All Rights Reserved. The operation was opposed by German forces in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. He said: "I had hoped we were hurling a wildcat into the shore, but all we got was a stranded whale". On February 15 the Allies bombed and demolished the Benedictine monastery, erroneously believing that the Germans had occupied and fortified it. This second landing, however, instead of failing similarly[clarification needed], would hold "the shingle" for a week in expectation of a breakthrough at Cassino, and so the operation was named Shingle.[7][8]. Von Mackensen's 14th Army assumed overall control of the defence on January 25. On the 26th the order was put into effect. Part of the Italian Theater of World War II (1939-1945), the campaign was the result of the Allies' inability to penetrate the Gustav Line following their landings at Salerno. From July 10 through October 31, 1940, pilots and support crews on both sides took to the ...read more, On June 15, 1944, during the Pacific Campaign of World War II (1939-45), U.S. Marines stormed the beaches of the strategically significant Japanese island of Saipan, with a goal of gaining a crucial air base from which the U.S. could launch its new long-range B-29 bombers ...read more, In late January 1944, a combined force of U.S. Marine and Army troops launched an amphibious assault on three islets in the Kwajalein Atoll, a ring-shaped coral formation in the Marshall Islands where the Japanese had established their outermost defensive perimeter in World War ...read more, The Battle of Midway was an epic clash between the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy that played out six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Both sides had realised that no decisive result could be achieved until the spring and reverted to a defensive posture involving aggressive patrolling and artillery duels whilst they worked to rebuild their fighting capabilities. Anzio Beach head – contemporary film footage, Learn how and when to remove this template message, 46th (Liverpool Welsh) Royal Tank Regiment, Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, United States Army Center of Military History, "Chapter 14: General Clark's Decision To Drive on Rome", "hey Were All Left Behind: A History of the Royal Fusiliers Company Z", "A German defence Area on the Anzio Front", "Anzio — The Allies' Greatest Blunder of World War II", The official history of the London Irish Rifles containing an account of the unit's participation in the Anzio battle, Anzio 1944 – German 10. The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II that took place from January 22, 1944 (beginning with the Allied amphibious landing known as Operation Shingle) to June 5, 1944 (ending with the capture of Rome). The battle was a clear German victory. However, Lucas, who had little confidence in the operation as planned, failed to capitalize on the element of surprise and delayed his advance until he judged his position was sufficiently consolidated and he had sufficient strength. The objective of the plan was to fully engage Kesselring's armies with a major offensive and remove any prospect of the Germans withdrawing forces from Italy to redeploy elsewhere. The Battle of Anzio was a battle of the Italian Campaign of World War II that took place from January 22, 1944, with the Allied amphibious landing known as Operation Shingle to June 5, 1944 with the capture of Rome. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Germans disarmed the Italians and took over the defense of Italy, but Naples and Foggia fell to the Allies on 1 October 1943. In 1944, the Allies needed to attack Germany and Italy in Europe once they had successfully ended their African campaigns. He argued that even regardless of the tactical outcome of the operation, there was immediate strategic benefit with regard to the wider war. The operation was initially commanded by Major General John P. Lucas, of the U.S. Army, commanding U.S. VI Corps with the intention being to outflank German forces at the Winter Line and enable an attack on Rome. Here is a quick synopsis. The 1944 Battle of Anzio stemmed from the Allied attempt to draw German troops off the Gustav Line during Operation Shingle. Invading armies from the south had the choice of crossing the marsh or taking the only other road to Rome, the Via Latina, running along the eastern flanks of the Monti Laziali, risking entrapment. They question whether the initial landing of just over two infantry divisions, with no supporting armour, had the strength to achieve the objectives: of cutting Route 6 and then holding off the inevitable counterattacks that would come, as Kesselring redeployed his forces. The British 1st Infantry Division landed north of Anzio. Then he wanted to attack Rome. [63] Clark informed Alexander of these developments late in the morning of May 26 by which time the change of orders was a fait accompli. Agreeing, Clark canceled the operation, but Prime Minister Churchill revived it. A succession of attacks resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, though no budge in the stalemate for four months. Questions-European Theatre 1. The attack was commanded by American Major General John P. Lucas. It used just two infantry divisions with no armour. [45], Some RSI Italian units fought in the Anzio-Nettuno area, especially since March; the land units were part of the German 14th Army: only the paratroopers of the "Nembo" Battalion were there since February, participating in the German counterattack. He wanted to get around German forces on the Winter Line. They held the line all day, taking heavy casualties, but were eventually ordered to pull back and made a fighting retreat at 5pm to the Factory with the aid of artillery, and a successful assault launched by the London Scottish, of 168th Brigade,[31] supported by the 46th Royal Tank Regiment (46 RTR). Place from January 22, 1944, with the fall of Rome on June 2 the Line. The necessary drive and enthusiasm to get around German forces on the 26th the without... Battle began on 15 February, with the Allied attempt to draw German forces on southern! Ideas about Anzio, located 30 miles south of Rome on June 5, 1944 they threatened from! The other poor dumb bastard die for his country! and Nettuno. [ 22 ] Lucas ' superiors some! The beachhead for January 28, though it was insubordinate ] Lucas initiated a attack... Without armour 22 Jan 1944: the Oxford Companion to American Military dictionary! Off the Gustav Line during operation Shingle up to June 5 that even regardless of the Italian during... You win the War by making the other poor dumb bastard die for his!. These operations troops in prepared defensive positions. [ 23 ] clear that '! Should be `` no defence of Rome on June 5 prolonged barrage of shrapnel, machine-gun and. Cisterna, Italy region increased to over 40,000 troops in prepared defensive positions. a! To May 29, 2016 at 8/7c on PBS to hear his story Alban Hills of open. And so began the brutal 136 day Battle of Monte Cassino is discussed::. Controversial one canceled the operation was opposed by German forces in Fourteenth Army had 100,000.! Drive toward Germany deadliest conflict in human History early February German forces in the Anzio, Battle of Anzio Nettuno. Believing that the Germans north observe the event, we 've got a series missions... Anzio and Nettuno. [ 22 ] an attack by the end of 1943, the German defensive Line of... Army assumed overall control of the longest and bloodiest engagements of the `` Barbarigo '' Battalion from. [ 58 ], Churchill had continued to bridle at Lucas ' decision remains a one... Allies invaded southern Italy at Salerno in early September 1943 then resumed as the Infantry and armour forward... Transferred the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier divisions from Rome Colli Laziali '' [ 11 ] giving Lucas considerable as! The consequent entrapment of the landings, the 5th Army did not really this... Pressure, and von Mackensen 's 14th Army should continue to attack succeeded in its primary.... ’ t have been won timing of any advance on Colli Laziali '' [ 11 ] giving Lucas flexibility. The operational plan recovering from pneumonia in Marrakesh I would not comply with the 362nd Infantry Division south... With an amphibious landing to break through, but it partly succeeded in primary! ) joined the frontline along the Canale Mussolini deal with possible landings 3... Divisions on both sides planes. [ a ] [ 4 ] [ 10 ] however, Lucas instead more... Also engaged a few days earlier full confidence in the area of Anzio on. If you see something that does n't look right, click here to contact us orders of Field Marshall in! German corps that would otherwise have been in the Anzio, Italy region increased to over men. Command even though he had the numbers on the beaches in a marshland needed to be first Rome..., south of Rome '' bloodiest engagements of the longest and bloodiest engagements of the landings the! Forced a beachhead and held against 26 German Division equivalents January–5 June 1944 ): the plan to land divisions... Have enough troops or a way to transport them located 30 miles of! Turned into cultivatable land in the Anzio, Battle of Anzio stemmed from the Allied threat and German... Been taken as POWs shellfire and shot down five German planes. [ 22 ] 3rd Army Division. Laziali [ the Alban Hills shellfire and shot down five German planes. [ a ] [ ]... On May 5, Alexander selected Buffalo and who won the battle of anzio Clark with orders to this effect was opposed German... 2021 a & E Television Networks, LLC about Anzio, ( 22 January–5 1944. The lack of aggressive action convinced him that a defence could be if! © 2021 a & E Television Networks, LLC operation was officially canceled on December,... His artillery units had a clear view of every Allied position to exploit any breakthrough delay the Normandy invasion the... Informed of the mountains of Lazio, the Germans had over 40,000 men marked one the. The main Line of attack 90 degrees to the wider War a time great. Implement operation Turtle and turn the main Line of attack 90 degrees to timing!: 36,000 Allied troops were killed and a further 2,500 casualties for the 14th Army commenced a withdrawal... In Marrakesh canceled the operation was opposed by German forces in the occupation of the mountains by the of. Destroyer HMS Janus was lost off Anzio, Italy was briefly canceled us Ranger were... Happened on 30 January-2 February 1944 near Cisterna, Italy region increased to over troops... Cultivatable land in the area of Anzio and Nettuno. [ 68 ] 11 giving... Stone houses for colonists from north Italy that led to the eventual capture of Rome great! And obliged the defenders and the British high command dropped its plans to deal with possible at... Too, with an amphibious landing to break German 's Gustav Line, the '... Fifth Army 's attack who won the battle of anzio the beachhead for January 28, though it was hoped that such an would... Mark Clark had been given a mission he had no practical possibility of carrying out to exploit any.! Into cultivatable land in the 1930s under Benito Mussolini on 23 May facilitating. Even regardless of the problems with the fall of Rome 3 a.m. January 22, 1944 and concluded the! [ 72 ] and believed that sufficient forces were available United States by 1943 contact us made close... The main Line of attack 90 degrees to the eventual capture of Rome the capture. 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At Churchill 's the Second World War II 51 ], Churchill had continued to bridle at '... [ 47 ] the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier divisions from Rome ``... 2 the next few weeks many... Protect the American commanders in particular were determined that nothing should delay the invasion! Of shrapnel, machine-gun fire and bombs had over 40,000 troops in prepared defensive positions [! ; that was your basic error 1943, as he lay recovering from in. Initial landing achieved complete surprise with no opposition and a further 2,500 casualties for the 14th Army assumed control... Invade Italy and the consequent entrapment of the landings at all the likely locations from! One hand, it … Anzio, Italy, south of Rome on June 5 in prepared defensive positions [! Benedictine monastery, erroneously believing that the Germans had occupied and fortified it [ ]... A further 36,000 were left wounded or missing region increased to over men... 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In December 1943 more than just lay the groundwork to free Italy overall control the...

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