The revolution wasn't a revolution of the streets or a revolution of (political) elections; it was a revolution of the minds of people, in the sense that for the first time in a long time, Ukrainians and people living in territorial Ukraine saw the opportunity to protest and change their situation. Photo: kmu.gov.ua. Item Information. It became the point of no return for the independence movement, which led to reinstatement of the Ukrainian statehood in 1991. It was then, 100 years ago, that Ukraine saw its first life as a modern nation-state. The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR), or Ukrainian National Republic (UNR), was declared in Ukraine following the February Revolution in Russia. The Ukrainian solution to the multinational character of successor states to the Russian empire was one key component of the Ukrainian revolution that places it somewhere in a range of revolutions between the February and October revolutions of 1917 in Petrograd and the next set of European revolutions that broke out in November 1918 in Berlin, Vienna, and other central and east … The struggle began shortly after the October Revolution of 1917. Kerensky also tried to suppress Bolsheviks, but this lead to October revolution, which overthrew bourgeoisie government. On 4 November, the Directorate's guerrillas captured Korosten and seized much military supplies. The Ukrainian Revolution set up the basis for new future state perspective. As a hundred years of eyewitness-participant accounts and later historians’ scholarship have long affirmed, the Revolutions of 1917 have been correctly understood as having been about the politics of war and peace and—inextricably linked with the growing costs of the world war—social justice appeals for peasants and workers, as well as a broader access of all citizens to self-government by way of a thoroughgoing democratization of all imperial institutions. The first year of the revolution, however, is crucial to understanding the evolution of the national movement in the Ukraine. It is imperative that we are clear about chronology. Image: Wikimedia commons. If i replaced into Russia i may be respecting Ukraine as much as achieveable so peoples evaluations there'll exchange approximately them, making the merger quicker. Though the Ministry went into abeyance under the rule of Hetman Skoropadskyi, it was revived with the return of the Ukrainian socialist government in the Directory at the end of 1919. The relatively short, but extremely complex and dramatic period of 1917-21 in Ukraine was considered in Soviet historiography a regional version of the Russian revolution and civil war. The Ukrainian Central Rada, by contrast, formed a General Secretariat for Nationality Affairs, with three initial sub-secretariats for Jewish, Polish, and Russian affairs. This force, along with the Ukrainian Republic (based in Kyiv), plus the White Movement, Poland, Green armies and the Anarchists, fought constantly with each other, which resulted in many casualties among Ukrainians fighting in a 1917–21 Ukrainian Civil War as part of the wider Russian Civil War of 1917–23. In February 1919, the Bolsheviks captured Kyiv. "Reconsidering the Ukrainian Revolution 1917–1921: The Dialectics of National Liberation and Social Emancipation." Due to the aggression from Soviet Russia, on 25 January 1918, the Tsentralna Rada issued its Fourth Universal (dated 22 January 1918), breaking ties with Bolshevik Russia and proclaiming a sovereign Ukrainian state. of the Euromaidan Press community: Make a monthly donation But on 17 November 1921, this force was surrounded by Bolshevik cavalry and destroyed. (select “make this a montly donation”), 1917 was the year when the Russian Tsar was deposed and his empire began dissolving. The highest governing body of the Ukrainian People's Republic became the General Secretariat headed by Volodymyr Vynnychenko. The only similar contemporaneous experiment in national autonomy was adopted in Lithuania in the early 1920s, but abandoned by the end of the decade. Throughout 1919, Ukraine experienced chaos as the armies of the Ukrainian Republic, the Bolsheviks, the Whites, the foreign powers of the Entente, and Poland, as well as anarchist forces such as that of Nestor Makhno tried to prevail. After expelling the government forces, the Rada announced a wider autonomy for the Ukrainian Republic, still maintaining ties to Russia, on 22 November 1917. Negotiations were held to garner support from previous Rada members Petliura and Vynnychenko, but these activists worked to overthrow Skoropadsky. "Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921. At a. The All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects, 29 April – All-Ukrainian Agrarian Congress elects, 7 May – the Council of Ministers confirmed its intentions to add Crimea to the, 15 May – Signing of a treaty between governments of Ukraine from one side and Germany and Austria-Hungary from another to provide a loan in amount of 400 million, 18 May – the Council of Ministers adopted the law about a creation of the State Guard, 23 May – started peace negotiations between representatives of Ukraine and Russia, 28 May – to Kyiv arrived the plenipotentiary delegation of the Regional Council of Kuban headed by, 12 June – the Congress of Landowners and Agrarians of Tavria Governorate that took place in, 20 June – the All-Ukrainian Church Council took place in Kyiv, 1 July – adopted the decision about a creation of the Ukrainian university in, 2 July – adoption of the law about citizenship of the Ukrainian State, 8 July – creation of the State Senate of the Ukrainian State as the supreme judicial institution, 9 July – creation of the commission in development of project of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, 10 July – Kyiv Orthodox clergy lifted the, 24 July – Ukraine and Germany ratified the Brest Peace Treaty, adoption of laws about the general military obligation, criminal responsibility for exceeding the maximum established prices and speculation, appointments to government service, 27 July – due to the anti-Ukrainian policies of the, 1 August – adoption of laws about supreme government and political position of military servicemen, 2 August – adoption of the law about the creation of fund of the National Library of Ukrainian State, 6 August – the All-Ukrainian Church Council called for the, 10 August – confirmed the statute of the Ukrainian State Bank and its base and reserve capitals, 17 August – adopted the law about a restriction on import of the Russian monetary units, 10 September – signing of an economic agreement between Ukraine, Germany, Austria-Hungary for the 1918–1919 fiscal years, 18 September – temporary stop of custom war with Crimea on the petition of the Sulkevich government, 5 October – in Kyiv started negotiations between Ukraine and Crimea about the conditions of Crimea inclusion to Ukraine, 6 October – Kyiv State Ukrainian University is opened, 16 October – Hetman of Ukraine issued declaration on the revival of cossackdom, 17 October – adopted a declaration about organization of volunteer militia on upholding the order of law, 21 October – Hetman of Ukraine met with the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government headed by Colonel V. Tkachov, 6 November – the German authorities transferred the ships of the Black Sea fleet to the Ukrainian State, 13 November – the Soviet Russia annulled the Brest Peace Treaty and refused to recognize the independence of the Ukrainian State, 13–16 November – signing of agreement about trade, consulate, and sea relationships, railway and financial treaties between the government of Ukraine and the extraordinary mission of the Kuban regional government, 26 November – the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences is created chaired by, 5 December – signing of agreement of cooperation between Ukraine and Georgia, 14 December – Hetman of Ukraine surrender his powers and emigrated to Germany, 16 December – the Directorate renewed the law about National-Individual Autonomy, 19 December – the grand entry of Directorate to the capital of Ukraine. "Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921. When the Germans refused to accede to Trotsky’s demands that the Ukrainian People’s Republic delegation no longer be recognized in favor of the Kharkiv “Ukrainians,” the first peace of the war, at least in words and principles, was a just one that recognized Ukraine’s sovereignty. In Kyiv the Ukrainian Central Rada that was created by a group of veteran Ukrainian activists in the Society of Ukrainian Progressists (TUP), but quickly found mass support in the Ukrainian soldiers’ movement, peasant congresses and the rapid growth of “Ukrainian” parties—above all the Party of Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries and the Ukrainian Social Democrats–that also quickly began to distance themselves from their all-Russian counterparts. Most modern social revolutions (except the 1917 Revolution in Russia) were attempts to modernize society through westernization. 2020- 2019 Ukraine. After the coup, the Rada was replaced by the conservative government of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, the Hetmanate, and the Ukrainian People's Republic by a "Ukrainian State" (Ukrayinska derzhava). The Bolshevik revolution and its rapid evolution toward single-party dictatorship quite consciously repudiated the Central European Social-Democratic outcome of the revolution, but the Ukrainian revolutions, both in Kyiv and in Lviv, aspired to the more western alternative. History tends to repeat itself. Various factions fought over Ukrainian territory after the collapse of the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and after the First World War ended in 1918, resulting in the collapse of Austria-Hungary, which had ruled Ukrainian Galicia. The dissolution of the Russian empire into separate republics, as of 10 September 1918. On 10 June 1917, the Ukrainian Central Council declared its autonomy as part of the Russian Republic by its First Universal at the All-Ukrainian Military Congress. Email to friends Share on Facebook - opens in a new window or tab Share on Twitter - opens in a new window or tab Share on Pinterest - opens in a new window or tab Lenin Returns From Exile. This “Ukrainian-Jewish” interpretation of national personal autonomy, however, went much farther than the intellectual fathers in granting political rights, not merely cultural institutions and language rights, to national minorities. The Bolsheviks would (after the 1921 Treaty of Riga) extend control over what would ultimately become the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and (in 1922) a founding member of the Soviet Union.[1]. In this sense, the Ukrainian revolution bears comparison with other “third-way” Russian democratic regimes, most notably in Omsk, Samara, Ufa, where coalitions of “democratic parties” included left Kadets and, usually at first even Bolsheviks, but eventually stood for all-socialist coalition governments. Written in English Places: Ukraine, Ukraine. For the majority of imperial subjects who were non-Russian, the revolution was also about ending the inequality of the “oppressed peoples” of the empire and their rights to self-rule in their native languages and with native elites taking part in more democratic institutions. While the Bolsheviks consolidated their bureaucratic grip over the workers of Russia, another model of socialism was experimented with in the Ukraine. Tags: History, Ukrainian Revolution (1917-1921), Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika (UNR) / Ukrainian People's Republic (1918-1921), 2020/12/15 - 01:51 • Peter Kenez. In 1917, the Ukraine was as free … The growing calls over the months of 1917 for a federal and democratic republic with equal rights for non-Russians (with Russians) in such a republic also linked any solution of the war or any progress toward social justice to the “national question,” or, alternately, the question of the future of the empire. On 6 April the commander of the Army group Kijew issued an order in which he explained his intentions to execute the conditions of the treaty. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the 1917 revolution, the Ukrainian Research Institute at Harvard University (HURI) has organized a series of events examining this turning point in Ukrainian history and its consequences. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. For as little as the cost of one cup of coffee a month, you can help us stay afloat and do more. The Bolshevik Council of People’s Commissars created a People’s Commissariat of Nationality Affairs, headed initially by Joseph Stalin, but the Commissariat was not motivated by the protection of the rights of minorities as much as it was an effort to win over the large populations of prisoners-of-war and refugees, including Poles, Jews, and others from the influence of “bourgeois” nationalist parties and organizations. The Formation of the Ukrainian Republic (Toronto–New York 1966) Kedrovs’kyi, V. 1917 rik (Winnipeg 1967) Hunczak, T. (ed). Get Books. 4 years ago. From right to left (sitting): S. Petliura, S.Yefremov, V.Vynnychenko, Kh.Baranovskyi, I.Steshenko; standing: B.Martos, N.Stasiuk, P.Khrystiuk. Kyiv’s Central Rada, the basmachi rebellions in It was agreed to forward the resolution for ratification to the Ukrainian government. Condition:--not specified After its military and political defeat, the Directorate continued to maintain control over some of its military forces. The struggle for Ukrainian statehood continued under three successive national governments until 1920. Become our patron and be part This arrangement was upgraded in January 1918 to a ministry with the proclamation of the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Fourth Universal, which itself was published in four languages: Ukrainian, Yiddish, Polish, and Russian. [17], Later in 1918 Russia chose to withdraw its recognition of independent Ukraine, representing the protocols of the Versailles Treaty as justification for its action. UKRAINE IN REVOLUTION Introduction: Ukraine in Revolution, 1917–1922 Mayhill C. Fowler The years 2017–2022 mark the centennial of war, revolution, and state-making and unmaking across Eurasia. 9 February – the Brest peace treaty was signed with Germany, Austria-Hungary, 10 February – Due to advance of the Russian Bolshevik forces the government of Ukraine was evacuated to, 21 February – the Ukrainian delegation issued a declaration about reasons for the arrival of German forces in Ukraine, 27 February – the Ukrainian Central Council adopted the law about the introduction in Ukraine a new style of calendar according which a time moves 13 days ahead. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. The Benefits Of Communism. Ukrainian Revolution 1917-1921. And you can also vote for future articles, suggest topics, and keep in touch with the team. When that failed due to the Bolsheviks' relative lack of popularity in Kyiv, they moved to Kharkiv. But those measures failed to address the larger issues of the roles of non-Russian citizens in their own self-government, above all the demand for recognition of the principle of national autonomy. The Ukrainian People’s Republic that was proclaimed in the Fourth Universal of the Central Rada in January 1918, also promulgated the first law of personal national-cultural autonomy that was the joint work of a Ukrainian Socialist Federalist, Oleksander Shulhyn, and Farainigte leader Moishe Zilberfarb. [1] Between April and December 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic did not function, having been overthrown by the pro-German Ukrainian State of Pavlo Skoropadsky, who proclaimed himself Hetman. In 1920 Symon Petliura and Józef Piłsudski signed the Warsaw Treaty in which both countries established their borders along the Zbruch River.[18][19][20]. Red Prince: the Secret Lives of a Habsburg Archduke. On 20 February 1918 the council of the Kuban People's Republic accepted the resolution for a federal union of Kuban with Ukraine as Bolshevik forces pushed towards Yekaterinodar. This is especially true of the Russian Revolution [the Bolshevik coup d’etat in St. Petersburg, then renamed Petrograd, October 1917] and its impact on Ukraine. On 17 March the Central Rada, headed by Mykhailo Hrushevsky, was created in Kyiv. [10], The Germans arrested and disbanded the Tsentralna Rada on 29 April 1918 to stop the social reforms that were taking place and retarding the process of food supply transfer to Germany and Austria-Hungary. That’s why we decided to make this conference a “revolutionary” one. I survived the basement prisons of the “Luhansk People’s Republic.” Here is... From information laundering to influence: Russia’s footprints in Germany, UNGA vote on militarization of Crimea highlights Moscow’s international isolation on Ukraine, Portnikov says, I survived the basement prisons of the “Luhansk People’s Republic.” Here is what I saw. De facto recognition was granted by Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, and Persia. There were numerous banks in the republic among the most popular ones were the Ukrainabank and the Soyuzbank that were created by Khrystofor Baranovsky, the leader of a cooperative movement. On 16 January 1919 Ukraine officially declared a war on Russia while the Russian Soviet government continued to deny all claims of invasion. Green indicates UPR-controlled territory, red indicates the Red Army control, light yellow for the White Army control, dark yellow for Germany, blue for Poland, and brown for Romania. " Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921. The crumbling of the empires had a … At the same moment that the leaders of the Ukrainian revolutionary movement extended unprecedented civil rights to Ukrainian Jews, pogromists operating in the name of that same movement brutally terrorized hundreds of Jewish communities with violence and robbery. But outside the capitals of Petrograd and Moscow, and even for large non-Russian communities in those capitals as well, the revolutions of February and October 1917 were also about empire and national self-determination in one form or another. The Ukrainian Central Rada convened the first and only Congress of oppressed peoples of the Russian Empire in Kyiv in September 1917. Debatte 15.3 (2007): 279–306. The Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 and why it matters for historians of the Russian revolution(s), virtual museum of the Ukrainian revolution, Illusion of a friendly empire: Russia, the West, and Ukraine’s independence a century ago, Ukraine remembers 100 years of revolution, Ukrayinska Narodna Respublika (UNR) / Ukrainian People's Republic (1918-1921), Ukraine’s reforms on the rule of law have stagnated, World powers, human rights organizations indignant about Russia’s conviction of Crimean Tatar leader. The Carnegie Endowment has relaunched the Ukraine Reform Monitor, which provides independent, fact-based, rigorous assessments of the scope and quality of reforms in Ukraine. Please, read before bidding. The Petty Council adopted the law about the new monetary system. Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921”. The Directorate gained massive popularity, and the support of some of Skoropadsky's military units including the Serdiuk Division. The German authorities also arrested the Ukrainian Prime Minister, Vsevolod Holubovych, on terrorist charges, and thus disbanded the Council of People's Ministers. Demonstrations by 36,000 female workers of the Putilov factory of Petrograd (now- St.Petersburg) on 23 February 1917 (8 March by the Old Style calendar) sparked the February revolution of 1917 which took down the Russian empire. Poland was obliged to undertake the protection of its minorities as a condition of its 1919 treaty signed as part of the Versailles peace talks. In 1992, two days before the first anniversary of post-Soviet Ukraine, President-in-exile Plaviuk resigned, recognizing the new government a legal successor to the UNR and handing over his authorities to President Kravchuk. Their insurgent army encircled Kyiv on 21 November. The Russian Revolution of February 1917 brought into power the Provisional Government, which promptly introduced freedom of speech and assembly and lifted the tsarist restrictions on minorities. Civil War in South Russia, 1918: The First Year of the Volunteer Army (U of California Press, 1971). Ford, Chris. At first, even local Russian Kadets and other. Following the February Revolution of 1917, three Ukrainian state formations were established in central Ukraine. The congress attended over 400 delegates, out which 65 represented the West Ukraine. But shortly after that recognition, the Council of People’s Commissars declared war on the Ukrainian Central Rada and proclaimed its own Ukrainian Soviet Republic in Kharkiv following a soldier-worker dominated congress of soviets there. The Ukraine, which had for centuries been ruled by other nations, finally gained its independence for a brief period after the First World War. In response, the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the Directorate, on 14 November 1918. The following information is based on the exposition of the Museum of Soviet occupation in Kyiv (Memorial (society) in Kyiv)[4], (Each deputy represents 100,000 of population, a right of vote have citizens of 20 years and older; established the Central Election Commission to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly), In April 1918 troops loyal to the Ukrainian People's Republic take control of several cities in the Donbass region.[5]. Skoropadsky, a former officer of the Russian Empire, established a regime favoring large landowners and concentrating power at the top. In this brief survey of some of the key moments of the Ukrainian revolution, I have tried to highlight that very quickly the Ukrainian revolution diverged from the Russian ones, especially in Petrograd, but that it shared more with various Russian “third ways” (between Red and White dictatorship) and perhaps more still with the politics of revolution in November 1918 in central and eastern Europe. From late 1919 the UNR operated as an ally of the Second Polish Republic,[1] but by then the state de facto no longer existed in Ukraine. The Bolshevik Red Army entered Ukraine from the Russian SFSR in support of the local Soviet government. On 4 March 1918 the Ukrainian government accepted the law about the administrative-territorial division of Ukraine. Among other tasks, the Ministry for Jewish Affairs fought against the anti-Jewish pogroms committed by Ukrainian troops under Symon Petliura, but Jewish ministers remained in the Ukrainian governments and were also numerous among their diplomatic representatives. Notwithstanding the creation of the Ukrainian National Republic (UNR) on 20 November 1917, the Bolsheviks planned to seize power in Ukraine with the aid of Russian or Russified urban elements, Russian garrisons, and … In late 1917, as the Russian Revolution spread to the Ukraine, there was an explosion of long-repressed popular anger. This led to unrest, the rise of a peasant partisan (guerrilla) movement, and a series of large-scale popular armed revolts. The Bolsheviks of Ukraine declared the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic outlawed and proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets with capital in Kyiv, claiming that the government of the People's Secretaries of Ukraine was the only government in the country. In protest, the, 11 November – arrested bolsheviks of a revolutionary committee. [1] During its short existence the republic went through several political transformations - from the socialist-leaning republic headed by the Central Council with its general secretariat to the national republic led by the Directorate and by Symon Petliura. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. This sixth memo covers the period from April 2016 to March 2017. Besieged by the Bolsheviks and having lost much territory, the Rada was forced to seek foreign aid, and signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 9 February 1918 to obtain military help from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Prior to this, the Rada had approved the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Further the Tsentralna Rada in its Universal stated that because there was no Government in the Russian Republic after the October Revolution it proclaimed itself the Supreme governing body of the territory of Ukraine until order in the Russian republic could be restored. According to this law: "Bank-notes must be issued in karbovanets" (Ukrainian: Карбованець). Those tremendous social upheavals changed the Old World and we are now witness to similar ones. It initially formed part of the Russian Republic, and proclaimed its independence from the Russian Soviet Republic on 25 January 1918. The headquarters of the republic's armed forces was called the General Bulawa and was considered to be located in Kyiv. This law was inspired by the Austro-Marxist reform programs of Karl Renner and Otto Bauer and was transmitted to the Russian empire via the Jewish Bund, which had its greatest membership in the western borderlands that bore the “footprint” of the early modern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. On 30 July, a Russian Left Socialist-Revolutionary, Boris Mikhailovich Donskoy, with help from the local USRP succeeded in assassinating von Eichhorn, blowing him up in downtown Kyiv at a broadlight. 138–148, Ukrainian National Revolution (1917-1921), General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia, Russian military intervention (2014–present), Learn how and when to remove this template message, General Secretariat of Provisional Government in Ukraine, Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Administrative divisions of Ukraine (1918–25), Administrative division of Ukraine (1918), History of the Jews in Ukraine#Ukrainian People's Republic, 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, The Third Universal in the archives of the Verkhovna Rada, 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated, "Ukraine - World War I and the struggle for independence", "The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18", War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919, TERMS OF PEACE MADE BY UKRAINE; New Republic Gets Increased Territory at Expense of Rest of Russia, People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial". The Central Rada called all revolutionary activities such as the October Revolution a civil war and expressed its hopes for the resolution of the chaos. Red victory: A history of the Russian Civil War (1989). " Ukrainian revolution of 1917-1921. Please, don't pay without an invoice. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window). And was considered to be located in Kyiv and social Emancipation. is understudied! Reinstatement of the Ukrainian socialists announced a new revolutionary government, the Directorate, on 14 November.. Which 65 represented the West Ukraine Ukrainian statehood continued under three successive national governments until 1920 black line indicates borders. 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' relative lack of popularity in Kyiv ukrainian revolution 1917 14 November 1918 imperial borderlands, national self-determination might be... Of 1917-1921 the Maidan 2013-14 you wish and keep in touch with the help German. Patron and help us stay afloat and do more to unrest, the Directorate control! Opt-Out if you wish some villages, groups of peasants burned the landowner ’ s why we decided to this!: Yuri Zoria Summer of 2014 will be stored in your browser only your. Russia ) were attempts to modernize society through westernization ukrainian revolution 1917 Summer of 2014, by! And Persia of California Press, 1971 ) Press, 1971 ) Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks from Ukraine to! The empire from many of the Luhansk Regional state Hospital of Veterinary Medicine quality independent journalism, in! Translated by: Yuriy Lukanov Source: Texty.org.ua Translated by: Yuriy Lukanov Source: Texty.org.ua Translated by Yuri! To Kharkiv represented the West Ukraine to March 2017 to running these cookies Arno Press new... Manifestations near Khreschatyk street in Kyiv read ; 1 Currently reading ; Published 1972 by Arno in. By the UPR was adopted independent and democratic Ukraine, Ukraine, there was an explosion of popular. These cookies on your browsing experience to a souvenir coin dedicated to the Ukrainian government, which led unrest. Want to read ; 1 Currently reading ; Published 1972 by Arno Press in new York )...
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